Hossein Jorjani First publication: 2026 – 09 – 13 Explanatory systems frequently introduce concepts for things that cannot simply be identified with what is directly observed. Plato’s Forms, Fichte’s different forms of the I, Hegel’s Absolute Spirit, Freud’s id, ego, and superego, and Jung’s psychological types are very different examples, but they raise a commonContinue reading “Excursus 145 — On Philosophical Constructs and Scientific Entities”
Tag Archives: empirical evidence
Excursus 119 – On the Many Meanings of “Empirical”
Hossein Jorjani First publication: 2026 – 07 – 23 The terms empirical, empiricism, and their derivatives have acquired multiple meanings throughout the history of philosophy and science. Although these meanings are historically related, they are not identical. Consequently, the mere assertion that a claim is “empirical” does not, by itself, specify either the method byContinue reading “Excursus 119 – On the Many Meanings of “Empirical””
Excursus 113 – On Illustrative and Demonstrative Examples
Hossein Jorjani First publication: 2026 – 07 – 22 Hegel was one of the most original and influential philosophers in the history of Western thought. His intellectual ambition was extraordinary, and many of his ideas stimulated generations of philosophers, including some of his severest critics. Yet originality alone does not guarantee methodological precision. While readingContinue reading “Excursus 113 – On Illustrative and Demonstrative Examples”
