Hossein Jorjani First publication: 2026 – 07 – 19 Science is often associated with certainty. Popular accounts frequently portray scientific knowledge as the discovery of universal laws that establish facts beyond reasonable doubt. Historically, however, the development of modern science has followed a different trajectory. Rather than moving toward absolute certainty, many scientific disciplines haveContinue reading “Excursus 080 – On Probability and the Transformation of Modern Science”
Tag Archives: uncertainty
Excursus 076 – On the Historical Lag Between Science and Its Critics
Hossein Jorjani First publication: 2026 – 07 – 19 Intellectual criticism does not always evolve at the same pace as the ideas it seeks to criticize. As scientific theories and methods develop, philosophical critiques may continue to address earlier conceptions that have already been substantially transformed or abandoned. The result is a historical lag betweenContinue reading “Excursus 076 – On the Historical Lag Between Science and Its Critics”
Excursus 074 – On the Uneven Distribution of Human Knowledge
Hossein Jorjani First publication: 2026 – 07 – 19 Knowledge is neither complete nor uniformly incomplete. Human understanding is distributed unevenly across different domains of reality. Some phenomena are understood with considerable precision and reliability, whereas others remain only partially understood or are presently beyond our investigative reach. This unevenness reflects the fact that theContinue reading “Excursus 074 – On the Uneven Distribution of Human Knowledge”
Excursus 031 – On Extrapolation
Hossein Jorjani First publication: 2026 – 06 – 30 In Aphorism I:70 of the Novum Organum (1620), Bacon warns that the evidential force of an experiment should remain “rooted in the experiment itself” unless its conclusions are transferred to other cases by a proper and orderly method. This caution anticipates what may be called extrapolationContinue reading “Excursus 031 – On Extrapolation”
Hossein Jorjani 