Hossein Jorjani First publication: 2026 – 07 – 18 The existence of capital does not by itself imply the existence of capitalism. Merchants, money-lenders, investors, commercial enterprises, markets, and private property existed in antiquity and throughout the Middle Ages. Yet these activities formed only one component of economies whose dominant productive sectors remained agriculture, handicrafts,Continue reading “Excursus 051 – On Capital and Capitalism”