Hossein Jorjani First publication: 2026 – 07 – 23 Marx did not invent the concept of alienation (Entfremdung). Rather, he inherited it through the German philosophical tradition and fundamentally transformed its meaning. The immediate philosophical source was Hegel, for whom alienation (Entäußerung or Entfremdung) denoted the externalization of Spirit. In Hegel’s system, Spirit objectifies itselfContinue reading “Excursus 116 – On the Origin of Marx’s Concept of Alienation”
Tag Archives: industrialization
Excursus 075 – On the Historical Emergence of Capitalism
Hossein Jorjani First publication: 2026 – 07 – 19 The existence of capital should not be confused with the existence of capitalism. Capital, merchants, markets, banking, and commercial exchange have existed in many societies throughout history. Their presence alone does not justify describing those societies as capitalist. The concept of capitalism is most appropriately appliedContinue reading “Excursus 075 – On the Historical Emergence of Capitalism”
Excursus 051 – On Capital and Capitalism
Hossein Jorjani First publication: 2026 – 07 – 18 The existence of capital does not by itself imply the existence of capitalism. Merchants, money-lenders, investors, commercial enterprises, markets, and private property existed in antiquity and throughout the Middle Ages. Yet these activities formed only one component of economies whose dominant productive sectors remained agriculture, handicrafts,Continue reading “Excursus 051 – On Capital and Capitalism”
Hossein Jorjani 