Hossein Jorjani First publication: 2026 – 08 – 08 The proposition that “correlation does not imply causation” is among the most frequently repeated warnings in empirical research. Properly understood, it states that an observed association is not by itself sufficient to establish a causal relation. The same association may arise from direct causation, reverse causation,Continue reading “Excursus 134 – On Correlation, Regression, and Causality: The Missing Counterfactual”
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Excursus 091 – On Reconstruction as a Form of Scientific Inference
Hossein Jorjani First publication: 2026 – 07 – 19 Scientific inference is commonly discussed in terms of interpolation and extrapolation. Yet many important forms of modern scientific reasoning belong to neither category. They are better understood as instances of reconstruction. Interpolation estimates unknown values that lie within an observed domain. Extrapolation extends established relationships beyondContinue reading “Excursus 091 – On Reconstruction as a Form of Scientific Inference”
