Hossein Jorjani
First publication: 2026 – 06 – 30
Bacon’s use of species infimae extends beyond biological kinds to encompass immediate sensory qualities. This broader usage invites a more general analysis of theoretical structure. However, because his use of the term extended beyond living kinds to include immediate sensory qualities, it invites a broader conceptual analysis. To that end, this footnote introduces a typology of theoretical structures—simplicus and compositum—which helps clarify Bacon’s epistemological orientation and also speaks to contemporary discussions in philosophy of science.
1 – Simplicus (coined term): From Latin simplex, simplicis (simple, uncompounded); coined here as a technical noun. A simplicus is a theoretical structure that derives its explanatory power from a single coherent principle, mechanism, or conceptual framework. Such a theory is not an assemblage of heterogeneous sub-theories, nor does it rely on the modular conjunction of distinct explanatory layers. Instead, it presents itself as theoretically indivisible or structurally elementary, even if its consequences are complex. Examples might include certain axiomatic systems in mathematics, or fundamental physical laws assumed to be irreducible.
Note: Although simplicus is not a classical Latin word, it is introduced here as a coined technical term to avoid the misleading connotations of the English “simple,” which can imply conceptual naïveté or lack of richness.
2 – Compositum (from Latin): Latin compositum—a thing put together, a compound. A compositum is a theoretical structure whose explanatory power arises from the integration of multiple principles, mechanisms, models, or conceptual frameworks. Such theories typically exhibit internal modularity, conceptual layering, or synthetic construction, often developed through the integration of previously independent frameworks. Examples include evolutionary theory (which integrates genetics, ecology, and population dynamics), or synthetic models in systems biology. In other words, a compositum is the combination of one or more simplicus, and even one or more compositum.
This distinction also echoes Bacon’s methodological aim of progressing from composite phenomena to simpler forms or causes through true induction (cf. I–XVIII). The distinction between simplicus and compositum is proposed as a general typology for analyzing the internal structure of scientific theories and explanatory frameworks. Although introduced here in connection with Bacon, its intended scope extends to the philosophy of science more broadly.
Hossein Jorjani 