https://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-124-on-the-relationship-between-disciplines-and-their-subject-matter/Hossein Jorjanien2026-08-01T13:23:44+00:00Excursus 124 – On the Relationship Between Disciplines and Their Subject MatterAristotle, terminology, philosophy of science, conceptual frameworks, interdisciplinary research, specialization, academic disciplines, Bacon, subject matter, organization of knowledgehttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-123-on-the-epistemic-uses-of-imagination/Hossein Jorjanien2026-08-01T13:21:53+00:00Excursus 123 – On the Epistemic Uses of Imaginationepistemology, philosophy of science, explanation, mythology, imagination, science fiction, thought experiments, Jonathan Swift, speculationhttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-122-on-the-interpretive-authority-of-early-and-late-writings/Hossein Jorjanien2026-08-01T13:20:19+00:00Excursus 122 – On the Interpretive Authority of Early and Late Writingsmethodology, hermeneutics, interpretation, Marx, early writings, intellectual development, authorship, mature works, editorial principleshttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-121-on-the-interpretation-of-early-philosophical-writings/Hossein Jorjanien2026-08-01T13:18:11+00:00Excursus 121 – On the Interpretation of Early Philosophical Writingshistory of philosophy, methodology, hermeneutics, interpretation, intellectual history, early writings, intellectual development, exegesis, philosophical development, authorshiphttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-120-on-dialectics-as-a-heuristic-rather-than-an-explanation/Hossein Jorjanien2026-08-01T12:54:18+00:00Excursus 120 – On Dialectics as a Heuristic Rather than an Explanationmethodology, philosophy of science, explanation, causation, Dialectics, heuristic, historical inquiry, historical sociology, empirical investigation, conceptual frameworkhttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-119-on-the-many-meanings-of-empirical/Hossein Jorjanien2026-08-01T12:52:31+00:00Excursus 119 – On the Many Meanings of “Empirical”philosophy of science, observation, empiricism, Gurvitch, empirical evidence, empirical, Locke, Hume, Baconhttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-118-on-the-metaphysical-and-historical-senses-of-materialism/Hossein Jorjanien2026-08-01T12:50:33+00:00Excursus 118 – On the Metaphysical and Historical Senses of Materialismontology, Marx, philosophy of history, historical materialism, materialism, Hobbes, dialectical materialism, idealism, Berkeleyhttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-117-on-dialectic-as-method-and-as-ontology/Hossein Jorjanien2026-08-01T12:48:51+00:00Excursus 117 – On Dialectic as Method and as Ontologyepistemology, Socrates, dialectic, Hegel, ontology, contradiction, methodology, Engels, immanence, laws of nature, Dialectics of Nature, Stephen Jay Gouldhttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-116-on-the-origin-of-marxs-concept-of-alienation/Hossein Jorjanien2026-08-01T12:47:09+00:00Excursus 116 – On the Origin of Marx’s Concept of AlienationHegel, Marx, industrialization, alienation, machinery, Feuerbach, labor process, management, democracy, craftsmanship, humanism, division of labor, Entäußerung, Entfremdung, participationhttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-115-on-reading-earlier-philosophers-through-later-traditions/Hossein Jorjanien2026-08-01T12:45:20+00:00Excursus 115 – On Reading Earlier Philosophers Through Later TraditionsAristotle, Hegel, Plato, history of philosophy, hermeneutics, interpretation, intellectual history, Darwin, Christianity, conceptual continuity, Marxism, Thomism, Social Darwinismhttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-114-on-darwin-independent-reconstruction-of-evolution/Hossein Jorjanien2026-08-01T12:43:00+00:00Excursus 114 – On Darwin-independent Reconstruction of Evolutionphilosophy of science, evolution, quantitative genetics, Darwin, scientific reconstruction, paleontology, biogeography, consilience, interdisciplinary evidencehttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-113-on-illustrative-and-demonstrative-examples/Hossein Jorjanien2026-08-01T12:41:03+00:00Excursus 113 – On Illustrative and Demonstrative Examplesdialectic, Hegel, methodology, philosophy of science, conceptual analysis, examples, thermodynamics, quantity and quality, empirical evidencehttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-112-on-closed-and-open-dialectics/Hossein Jorjanien2026-08-01T12:39:20+00:00Excursus 112 – On Closed and Open Dialecticsdialectic, ontology, hermeneutics, metaphysics, philosophy of religion, Georges Gurvitch, change, Plotinus, Saint Augustine, process theologyhttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-111-on-ultimate-unifying-principles/Hossein Jorjanien2026-08-01T12:34:38+00:00Excursus 111 – On Ultimate Unifying PrinciplesHegel, Plato, ontology, history of philosophy, metaphysics, Plotinus, ultimate principles, systematic philosophy, Christianity, Fichte, Comte, Durkheimhttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-110-on-the-meaning-of-contradiction/Hossein Jorjanien2026-08-01T12:32:21+00:00Excursus 110 – On the Meaning of ContradictionAristotle, epistemology, dialectic, contradiction, hermeneutics, logic, philosophy of science, conceptual analysis, Marx, Formal logichttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-109-reality-knowledge-and-epistemic-mediation/Hossein Jorjanien2026-08-01T12:30:25+00:00Excursus 109 – Reality, Knowledge, and Epistemic Mediationscientific method, epistemology, ontology, observation, knowledge, reality, Gurvitch, empirical science, representation, Plotinus, mediationhttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-108-on-the-culture-of-intellectual-disagreement/Hossein Jorjanien2026-08-01T12:28:10+00:00Excursus 108 – On the Culture of Intellectual Disagreementquantitative genetics, criticism, seminars, scientific culture, disagreement, scientific norms, Alan Robertson, peer review, academic lifehttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-107-continuity-rupture-and-conflict-in-the-history-of-ideas/Hossein Jorjanien2026-08-01T12:25:46+00:00Excursus 107 – Continuity, Rupture, and Conflict in the History of Ideascontinuity, scientific revolutions, philosophy, history of ideas, conceptual change, paradigms, science, conflict, intellectual history, historiographyhttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-106-platonic-and-aristotelian-essentialism-in-the-light-of-continuous-variation/Hossein Jorjanien2026-08-01T12:23:46+00:00Excursus 106 – Platonic and Aristotelian Essentialism in the Light of Continuous VariationAristotle, Plato, ontology, philosophy of science, classification, essentialism, evolution, Allegory of the Cave, continuous variation, substance, Formshttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-105-on-the-epistemological-function-of-examples-in-platos-dialogues/Hossein Jorjanien2026-08-01T12:21:16+00:00Excursus 105 – On the Epistemological Function of Examples in Plato’s Dialoguesepistemology, Socrates, dialectic, Plato, concepts, observation, definitions, examples, Republic, empirical science, philosophical methodhttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-104-rethinking-platos-academy-dialectic-as-philosophical-apprenticeship/Hossein Jorjanien2026-08-01T12:18:53+00:00Excursus 104– Rethinking Plato’s Academy: Dialectic as Philosophical ApprenticeshipSocrates, dialectic, Plato, judgment, Republic, philosophical education, Academy, apprenticeship, higher education, mentorshiphttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-103-the-moral-responsibility-of-scholarly-communities/Hossein Jorjanien2026-08-01T12:16:00+00:00Excursus 103 – The Moral Responsibility of Scholarly Communitiesphilosophy of science, science, institutions, intellectual history, humanities, political responsibility, ethics of scholarship, scholarly communities, twentieth century, ideology, academic responsibilityhttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-69-on-observer-effects-and-scale/Hossein Jorjanien2026-08-01T11:20:57+00:00Excursus 069 – On Observer Effects and Scalescientific method, epistemology, astronomy, quantum mechanics, measurement, reflexivity, observer effects, scale, financial marketshttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-69-the-afterlife-of-the-allegory-of-the-cave/Hossein Jorjanien2026-08-01T11:17:21+00:00Excursus 102 – The Afterlife of the Allegory of the CavePlato, philosophy of science, Allegory of the Cave, intellectual history, Platonism, The Matrix, scientific observation, Christian philosophy, Republic, evolution of ideashttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-101-on-scientific-prestige-and-philosophical-authority/Hossein Jorjanien2026-08-01T11:14:09+00:00Excursus 101 – On Scientific Prestige and Philosophical Authorityepistemology, methodology, philosophy of science, authority, philosophy, rhetoric, intellectual responsibility, scientific literacy, scientific authorityhttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-100-on-human-diversity-and-philosophical-idealization/Hossein Jorjanien2026-08-01T11:11:55+00:00Excursus 100 – On Human Diversity and Philosophical Idealizationphilosophy of science, philosophy, Kant, human diversity, idealization, genomics, Darwin, Modern Synthesis, evolutionary biologyhttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-99-on-kant-as-a-model-of-philosophical-responsibility/Hossein Jorjanien2026-08-01T11:10:16+00:00Excursus 099 – On Kant as a Model of Philosophical Responsibilityepistemology, history of philosophy, philosophy of science, philosophy, reciprocity, scientific methodology, intellectual responsibility, Kant, scientific literacy, Newtonhttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-98-on-an-additional-criterion-for-evaluating-philosophers/Hossein Jorjanien2026-08-01T10:40:37+00:00Excursus 098 – On an Additional Criterion for Evaluating Philosophersepistemology, history of philosophy, philosophy of science, scientific progress, philosophy, evaluation, intellectual responsibility, Kant, interdisciplinary inquiry, scientific literacyhttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-97-on-events-and-processes/Hossein Jorjanien2026-08-01T10:37:54+00:00Excursus 097 – On Events and Processesphilosophy of science, continuity, Scientific Revolution, Process, change, event, scientific development, phase transition, paradigm shift, historical explanationhttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-96-on-selection-in-scientific-inquiry/Hossein Jorjanien2026-08-01T10:35:32+00:00Excursus 096 – On Selection in Scientific Inquiryepistemology, philosophy of science, scientific inquiry, attention, selection, research methodology, research priorities, scarcity, academic freedomhttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-95-on-manifestations-of-change/Hossein Jorjanien2026-08-01T10:25:07+00:00Excursus 095 – On Manifestations of Changedialectic, contradiction, adaptation, reciprocity, opposition, philosophy of change, change, philosophical methodology, negationhttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-94-on-formal-logic-and-changing-reality/Hossein Jorjanien2026-08-01T10:23:20+00:00Excursus 094 – On Formal Logic and Changing Realitymethodology, deduction, social theory, Abstraction, Changing reality, Formal logic, Dialectics, Identity, Non-contradiction, Processhttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-93-on-the-two-stages-of-historical-inquiry/Hossein Jorjanien2026-08-01T10:21:24+00:00Excursus 093 – On the Two Stages of Historical Inquiryscientific method, interpretation, evidence, natural sciences, historiography, history, archaeology, manuscripts, radiocarbon dating, historical methodologyhttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-92-on-structured-inference/Hossein Jorjanien2026-08-01T10:19:28+00:00Excursus 092 – On Structured Inferenceepistemology, philosophy of science, scientific methodology, reconstruction, structured inference, scientific inference, dependence, covariance, linkage disequilibrium, causal modelshttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-91-on-reconstruction-as-a-form-of-scientific-inference/Hossein Jorjanien2026-08-01T10:17:38+00:00Excursus 091 – On Reconstruction as a Form of Scientific Inferenceepistemology, philosophy of science, extrapolation, inference, structural constraints, scientific methodology, interpolation, reconstruction, missing data, imputationhttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-90-on-simplicus-and-compositum/Hossein Jorjanien2026-08-01T08:58:10+00:00Excursus 090 – On Simplicus and Compositumscientific method, methodology, philosophy of science, complexity, systems, models, measurement, emergence, reductionism, observationshttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-89-on-doubt-as-a-method-of-conceptual-revision/Hossein Jorjanien2026-08-01T08:55:09+00:00Excursus 089 – On Doubt as a Method of Conceptual Revisionscientific method, epistemology, dialectic, philosophy of science, conceptual evolution, reality, doubt, conceptual revision, dogmatismhttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-88-on-the-historical-functions-of-doubt/Hossein Jorjanien2026-08-01T08:53:24+00:00Excursus 088 – On the Historical Functions of Doubtepistemology, Socrates, dialectic, Hegel, history of philosophy, scholasticism, doubt, Descartes, Gurvitchhttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-87-on-three-historical-functions-of-dialectic/Hossein Jorjanien2026-08-01T08:51:38+00:00Excursus 087 – On Three Historical Functions of Dialecticepistemology, dialectic, Hegel, Plato, ontology, soteriology, history of philosophy, Kierkegaard, Abelardhttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-86-on-the-recursive-relation-between-philosophy-and-science/Hossein Jorjanien2026-08-01T08:49:57+00:00Excursus 086 – On the Reciprocity Between Philosophy and Sciencehistory of science, epistemology, scientific progress, philosophy, science, reciprocity, scientific methodology, intellectual responsibility, empirical inquiry, conceptual innovationhttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-85-on-disciplinary-isolation/Hossein Jorjanien2026-08-01T08:48:15+00:00Excursus 085 – On Disciplinary Isolationepistemology, philosophy of science, communication, specialization, interdisciplinarity, scientific disciplines, scientific communities, expertise, intellectual fragmentationhttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-84-on-the-distance-problem/Hossein Jorjanien2026-08-01T08:46:13+00:00Excursus 084 – On the Distance ProblemFrancis Bacon, hermeneutics, philosophy of science, interpretation, intellectual history, historiography, primary sources, secondary literature, conceptual drift, historical methodhttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-83-on-the-canonization-problem/Hossein Jorjanien2026-08-01T08:44:29+00:00Excursus 083 – On the Canonization ProblemFrancis Bacon, history of science, philosophy of science, Charles Darwin, scientific progress, Isaac Newton, Albert Einstein, historiography, scientific communities, canonical figureshttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-82-on-the-age-problem/Hossein Jorjanien2026-08-01T08:42:46+00:00Excursus 082 – On the Age ProblemFrancis Bacon, history of science, philosophy of science, conceptual evolution, Charles Darwin, Thomas Kuhn, scientific progress, intellectual history, scientific methodology, historiographyhttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-81-on-science-and-technology/Hossein Jorjanien2026-08-01T08:40:15+00:00Excursus 081 – On Science and Technologyscientific method, philosophy of science, explanation, technology, prediction, science, engineering, applied science, invention, technological developmenthttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-80-on-probability-and-the-transformation-of-modern-science/Hossein Jorjanien2026-08-01T08:37:30+00:00Excursus 080 – On Probability and the Transformation of Modern Sciencescientific method, epistemology, philosophy of science, prediction, statistics, uncertainty, probability, Bayesian inference, stochastic processes, riskhttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-79-on-quantification-in-science/Hossein Jorjanien2026-08-01T08:35:33+00:00Excursus 079 – On Quantification in Sciencescientific method, philosophy of science, mathematical modelling, scientific progress, statistics, measurement, quantification, mathematics, precision, computationhttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-78-on-what-makes-a-discipline-scientific/Hossein Jorjanien2026-08-01T08:32:43+00:00Excursus 078 – On What Makes a Discipline Scientific?scientific method, methodology, philosophy of science, explanation, objectivity, science, scientific inquiry, measurement, scientific disciplines, quantificationhttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-77-on-the-epistemological-consequences-of-pedagogical-simplification/Hossein Jorjanien2026-08-01T08:30:20+00:00Excursus 077 – On the Epistemological Consequences of Pedagogical Simplificationphilosophy of science, genetics, pedagogy, quantitative genetics, simplification, scientific education, conceptual models, epistasis, dominancehttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-76-on-the-historical-lag-between-science-and-its-critics/Hossein Jorjanien2026-08-01T08:27:45+00:00Excursus 076 – On the Historical Lag Between Science and Its Criticshistory of science, philosophy of science, conceptual evolution, uncertainty, probability, positivism, Bayesian inference, scientific realism, scientific methodology, logical positivismhttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-75-on-the-historical-emergence-of-capitalism/Hossein Jorjanien2026-08-01T08:25:11+00:00Excursus 075 – On the Historical Emergence of CapitalismAdam Smith, political economy, markets, Industrial Revolution, capital, capitalism, economic history, industrialization, Karl Marx, wage labourhttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-74-on-the-uneven-distribution-of-human-knowledge/Hossein Jorjanien2026-08-01T08:23:08+00:00Excursus 074 – On the Uneven Distribution of Human Knowledgeepistemology, ontology, methodology, philosophy of science, objectivity, uncertainty, reality, scientific knowledge, epistemic heterogeneityhttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-73-on-four-sources-of-epistemic-incompleteness/Hossein Jorjanien2026-08-01T08:21:23+00:00Excursus 073 – On Four Sources of Epistemic Incompletenessscientific method, epistemology, ontology, philosophy of science, conceptual evolution, knowledge, objectivity, theory-ladenness, observer effects, realityhttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-72-on-degrees-of-objectivity/Hossein Jorjanien2026-08-01T08:19:44+00:00Excursus 072 – On Degrees of Objectivityepistemology, methodology, philosophy of science, objectivity, scientific inquiry, natural sciences, social sciences, observer effects, intersubjectivity, reproducibilityhttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-71-on-intellectual-traditions-as-evolving-populations/Hossein Jorjanien2026-08-01T08:17:03+00:00Excursus 071 – On Intellectual Traditions as Evolving PopulationsAristotle, Francis Bacon, Plato, hermeneutics, conceptual evolution, intellectual inheritance, history of ideas, Karl Marx, intellectual traditions, cultural evolutionhttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-70-on-the-distinction-between-epistemological-and-ontological-claims/Hossein Jorjanien2026-08-01T08:14:59+00:00Excursus 070 – On the Distinction Between Epistemological and Ontological Claimsepistemology, ontology, philosophy of science, knowledge, scientific realism, reality, observer, social construction, sociology, realismhttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-68-on-the-original-meaning-of-dialectic/Hossein Jorjanien2026-08-01T08:10:41+00:00Excursus 068 – On the Original Meaning of “Dialectic”dialectic, Hegel, Plato, hermeneutics, terminology, conceptual evolution, Greek philosophy, Georges Gurvitch, etymology, Karl Marxhttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-67-on-conflict-and-reciprocity-as-forms-of-movement/Hossein Jorjanien2026-08-01T08:08:55+00:00Excursus 067 – On Conflict and Reciprocity as Forms of Movementdialectic, ontology, contradiction, Georges Gurvitch, movement, reciprocity, conflict, complementarity, opposition, interdependencehttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-66-on-the-four-epistemic-modes-of-modern-science/Hossein Jorjanien2026-08-01T08:06:49+00:00Excursus 066 – On the Four Epistemic Modes of Modern ScienceFrancis Bacon, scientific method, epistemology, philosophy of science, mathematical modelling, observation, experiment, inference, computational simulation, in silico experimentshttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-65-on-the-ripley-principle-the-evolution-of-ideas/Hossein Jorjanien2026-08-01T07:47:25+00:00Excursus 065 – On the Ripley Principle: The Evolution of Ideasmethodology, conceptual evolution, intellectual inheritance, history of ideas, conceptual change, paradigms, scientific theories, Ripley Principle, philosophical theories, cumulative knowledgehttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-64-on-viewing-the-same-problem-from-different-perspectives/Hossein Jorjanien2026-08-01T07:43:54+00:00Excursus 064 – On Viewing the Same Problem from Different Perspectivesinduction, epistemology, hermeneutics, philosophy of science, conceptual analysis, theory-ladenness, measurement, philosophical interpretation, scientific methodology, perspectivehttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-63-on-knowledge-and-power/Hossein Jorjanien2026-08-01T07:42:13+00:00Excursus 063 – On Knowledge and PowerFrancis Bacon, technology, knowledge, science, institutions, power, Michel Foucault, governance, political philosophyhttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-62-on-science-technology-and-the-uses-of-knowledge/Hossein Jorjanien2026-08-01T07:39:40+00:00Excursus 062 – On Science, Technology, and the Uses of KnowledgeFrancis Bacon, methodology, philosophy of science, technology, knowledge, innovation, science, Industrial Revolution, engineering, applied sciencehttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-61-on-theory-ladenness-and-scientific-objectivity/Hossein Jorjanien2026-08-01T07:37:47+00:00Excursus 061 – On Theory-Ladenness and Scientific Objectivityepistemology, philosophy of science, observation, Thomas Kuhn, theory-ladenness, measurement, scientific objectivity, Norwood Hanson, experimentation, scientific realismhttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-60-on-the-problem-of-induction-after-hume/Hossein Jorjanien2026-08-01T07:35:56+00:00Excursus 060 – On the Problem of Induction after Humeinduction, scientific method, epistemology, hypothetico-deductive model, philosophy of science, Bayesian inference, David Hume, John Stuart Mill, Immanuel Kant, logical empiricismhttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-59-on-change-in-the-space-of-possibilities/Hossein Jorjanien2026-08-01T07:34:02+00:00Excursus 059 – On Change in the Space of PossibilitiesHegel, conceptual evolution, evolution, systems biology, teleology, Georges Gurvitch, dynamic stability, latent change, neutral mutations, philosophy of historyhttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-58-on-the-ecology-of-inference/Hossein Jorjanien2026-08-01T07:32:06+00:00Excursus 058 – On the Ecology of Inferenceinduction, scientific method, epistemology, deduction, philosophy of science, evolution, inference, Bayesian inference, inference to the best explanation, cognitive developmenthttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-57-on-positivism/Hossein Jorjanien2026-08-01T07:28:44+00:00Excursus 057 – On Positivismscientific method, epistemology, methodology, Karl Popper, philosophy of science, conceptual evolution, academic disciplines, positivism, Auguste Comte, Vienna Circlehttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-56-on-the-three-dimensions-of-an-academic-discipline/Hossein Jorjanien2026-08-01T07:22:14+00:00Excursus 056 – On the Three Dimensions of an Academic Disciplinescientific method, history of science, epistemology, methodology, philosophy of science, academic disciplines, interdisciplinarity, university, scholarly inquiry, metaphilosophyhttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-55-on-mental-faculties-and-the-division-of-academic-disciplines/Hossein Jorjanien2026-08-01T07:19:38+00:00Excursus 055 – On Mental Faculties and the Division of Academic DisciplinesFrancis Bacon, scientific method, epistemology, pedagogy, academic disciplines, mental faculties, humanities, formal sciences, natural sciences, social scienceshttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-54-on-the-hermeneutics-of-dialectic/Hossein Jorjanien2026-08-01T07:16:54+00:00Excursus 054 – On the Hermeneutics of “Dialectic”dialectic, Hegel, history of philosophy, hermeneutics, terminology, conceptual evolution, Marx, Adorno, Sartre, Žižekhttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-53-on-the-identity-of-scientific-and-philosophical-theories/Hossein Jorjanien2026-08-01T06:48:55+00:00Excursus 053 – On the Identity of Scientific and Philosophical Theoriesmethodology, philosophy of science, conceptual evolution, theory, conceptual change, theoretical identity, explanatory architecture, Post-Marxism, Neo-Kantianism, Neo-Darwinismhttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-52-on-the-retrospective-expansion-of-historical-concepts/Hossein Jorjanien2026-08-01T06:46:55+00:00Excursus 052 – On the Retrospective Expansion of Historical Conceptsmethodology, hermeneutics, terminology, conceptual evolution, classification, history of ideas, conceptual change, anachronism, historical concepts, historical interpretationhttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-51-on-capital-and-capitalism/Hossein Jorjanien2026-08-01T06:44:49+00:00Excursus 051 – On Capital and Capitalismpolitical economy, markets, Industrial Revolution, capital, capitalism, economic history, Proudhon, private property, Saint-Simonians, industrializationhttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-50-on-scientific-growth/Hossein Jorjanien2026-08-01T06:42:30+00:00Excursus 050 – On Scientific Growthphilosophy of science, conceptual evolution, evolution, disciplines, intellectual history, scientific growth, allopatry, sympatry, hybridization, peripatryhttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-49-on-peripheral-innovation/Hossein Jorjanien2026-08-01T06:40:46+00:00Excursus 049 – On Peripheral Innovationconceptual evolution, evolution, innovation, paradigms, scientific change, intellectual history, interdisciplinarity, peripheral populations, scientific creativityhttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-48-on-insiders-and-outsiders-in-scientific-innovation/Hossein Jorjanien2026-08-01T06:38:34+00:00Excursus 048 – On Insiders and Outsiders in Scientific Innovationscientific progress, paradigms, institutions, scientific innovation, Gregor Mendel, Albert Einstein, creativity, Alfred Wegener, Léon Croizathttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-47-on-the-growth-of-fields-of-expertise/Hossein Jorjanien2026-08-01T06:36:44+00:00Excursus 047 – On the Growth of Fields of ExpertiseAristotle, history of science, philosophy, disciplines, specialization, Scientific Revolution, academic disciplines, intellectual history, universitieshttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-46-on-natura-non-facit-saltus/Hossein Jorjanien2026-08-01T06:34:50+00:00Excursus 046 – On Natura Non Facit Saltusscientific method, methodology, philosophy of science, evolution, continuity, causation, natura non facit saltus, discontinuity, phase transitions, quantum mechanicshttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-45-on-the-biological-and-institutional-senses-of-work/Hossein Jorjanien2026-08-01T06:32:37+00:00Excursus 045 – On the Biological and Institutional Senses of Workmethodology, biology, reproduction, institutions, work, labour, social theory, political economy, division of labour, marketshttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-44-on-the-primacy-of-movement-in-dialectical-thought/Hossein Jorjanien2026-08-01T06:30:13+00:00Excursus 044 – On the Primacy of Movement in Dialectical Thoughtdialectic, Hegel, Plato, ontology, contradiction, philosophy, movement, reciprocity, Marx, conflicthttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-43-from-pedagogical-models-to-ontological-commitments/Hossein Jorjanien2026-08-01T06:27:31+00:00Excursus 043 – From Pedagogical Models to Ontological Commitmentsscientific method, ontology, philosophy of science, education, pedagogy, models, Georges Gurvitch, quantitative genetics, conceptual scaffolding, simplificationhttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-42-on-structural-and-institutional-levels-of-explanation/Hossein Jorjanien2026-08-01T06:24:54+00:00Excursus 042 – On Structural and Institutional Levels of Explanationmethodology, explanation, causation, economics, institutional constraints, structural constraints, social science, disability, reproduction, public policyhttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-41-the-productive-role-of-imperfect-data/Hossein Jorjanien2026-08-01T06:18:23+00:00Excursus 041 – The Productive Role of Imperfect Datascientific method, history of science, observation, inference, Galileo, scientific discovery, imperfect data, Isaac Newton, Johannes Kepler, astronomyhttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-40-on-the-allegory-of-the-cave-and-induction/Hossein Jorjanien2026-07-31T23:36:38+00:00Excursus 040 – On the Allegory of the Cave and Inductioninduction, Francis Bacon, Plato, Allegory of the Cave, statistical inference, David Rubin, Galileo, Ronald Fisher, probabilityhttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-39-on-bacons-asymmetry-of-induction-and-deduction/Hossein Jorjanien2026-07-31T23:34:21+00:00Excursus 039 – On Bacon’s Asymmetry of Induction and Deductioninduction, syllogism, Novum Organum, Francis Bacon, epistemology, methodology, deduction, inductio vera, inductio vulgaris, axiomshttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-38-on-ai-as-external-cognitive-infrastructure/Hossein Jorjanien2026-07-31T23:31:55+00:00Excursus 038 – On AI as External Cognitive InfrastructureFrancis Bacon, scientific method, inference, discovery, artificial intelligence, cognitive infrastructure, experiments, knowledge organization, simulationshttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-37-on-hope-and-despair-in-scientific-inquiry/Hossein Jorjanien2026-07-31T23:30:00+00:00Excursus 037 – On Hope and Despair in Scientific InquiryFrancis Bacon, philosophy of science, Thomas Kuhn, scientific progress, paradigms, hope, scientific inquiry, impossibility, discovery, research programshttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-36-on-scriptures-and-science/Hossein Jorjanien2026-07-31T23:27:38+00:00Excursus 036 – On Scriptures and ScienceFrancis Bacon, scientific method, history of science, natural philosophy, authority, theology, religion, science, methodological naturalism, Scripturehttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-35-on-the-balance-between-coherence-and-variation/Hossein Jorjanien2026-07-31T23:24:58+00:00Excursus 035 – On the Balance Between Coherence and Variationevolution, complexity, adaptation, coherence, evolvability, variation, systems theory, parliament, ecology, Pauli Exclusion Principlehttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-34-on-the-use-of-everyday-examples/Hossein Jorjanien2026-07-31T23:19:12+00:00Excursus 034 – On the Use of Everyday ExamplesFrancis Bacon, history of ideas, Adam Smith, examples, pedagogy, rhetoric, Bacchus, everyday life, Cereshttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-33-on-the-reciprocal-development-of-philosophy-and-science/Hossein Jorjanien2026-07-31T23:16:24+00:00Excursus 033 – On the Reciprocal Development of Philosophy and ScienceFrancis Bacon, scientific method, epistemology, philosophy of science, philosophy, conceptual change, hypotheses, science, recursion, interdisciplinary researchhttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-32-theoretical-splendour-and-empirical-responsibility/Hossein Jorjanien2026-07-31T23:13:46+00:00Excursus 032 – Theoretical Splendour and Empirical ResponsibilityFrancis Bacon, scientific method, philosophy of science, theory, empirical responsibility, literary theory, economics, string theory, AI ethics, empiricismhttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/08/01/excursus-31-on-extrapolation/Hossein Jorjanien2026-07-31T23:11:29+00:00Excursus 031 – On Extrapolationinduction, scientific method, philosophy of science, evidence, extrapolation, prediction, statistics, modelling, uncertainty, inferencehttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/07/31/excursus-30-on-the-changing-landscape-of-scientific-inquiry/Hossein Jorjanien2026-07-31T15:57:06+00:00Excursus 030 – On the Changing Landscape of Scientific Inquiryinduction, scientific method, epistemology, philosophy of science, truth, inquiry, knowledge, reasoning, objectivity, evidencehttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/07/31/excursus-29-on-the-stability-of-conceptual-definitions/Hossein Jorjanien2026-07-31T15:54:54+00:00Excursus 029 – On the Stability of Conceptual Definitionsepistemology, methodology, hermeneutics, terminology, concepts, conceptual evolution, philosophy, history of ideas, definitions, languagehttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/07/31/excursus-28-on-individual-variations/Hossein Jorjanien2026-07-31T15:53:03+00:00Excursus 028 – On Individual Variationsbiology, evolution, adaptation, individual variation, genetics, natural selection, populations, diversity, heredity, evolutionary theoryhttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/07/31/excursus-27-on-teleology/Hossein Jorjanien2026-07-31T15:50:40+00:00Excursus 027 – On TeleologyAristotle, Francis Bacon, biology, evolution, Charles Darwin, teleology, final cause, Niko Tinbergen, adaptation, causationhttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/07/31/excursus-26-on-the-asymmetry-between-verification-and-falsification/Hossein Jorjanien2026-07-31T15:48:17+00:00Excursus 026 – On the Asymmetry Between Verification and Falsificationinduction, epistemology, deduction, Karl Popper, philosophy of science, testing, falsification, verification, hypotheseshttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/07/31/excursus-25-on-epistemological-distortion/Hossein Jorjanien2026-07-31T15:45:40+00:00Excursus 025 – On Epistemological Distortionscientific method, epistemology, methodology, philosophy of science, observation, knowledge, cognitive bias, distortion, interpretation, evidencehttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/07/31/excursus-24-on-the-anthropomorphic-mind-and-god/Hossein Jorjanien2026-07-31T15:43:48+00:00Excursus 024 – On the Anthropomorphic Mind and GodFrancis Bacon, epistemology, philosophy, cognitive bias, theology, anthropomorphism, philosophy of religion, projection, religion, Godhttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/07/31/excursus-23-on-the-significance-of-the-man-is-the-measure-of-all-things/Hossein Jorjanien2026-07-31T15:41:21+00:00Excursus 023 – On the Significance of The “Man is the measure of all things.”epistemology, Plato, philosophy of science, truth, knowledge, perception, Protagoras, relativism, Greek philosophy, objectivityhttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/07/31/excursus-22-on-the-history-of-systematic-cognitive-bias/Hossein Jorjanien2026-07-31T15:39:06+00:00Excursus 022 – On the History of Systematic Cognitive BiasFrancis Bacon, scientific method, epistemology, psychology, reasoning, history of ideas, cognitive bias, heuristics, judgment, idola mentishttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/07/31/excursus-21-on-recollection-implicit-learning-and-the-origins-of-knowledge/Hossein Jorjanien2026-07-31T15:36:33+00:00Excursus 021 – On Recollection, Implicit Learning, and the Origins of Knowledgeepistemology, Plato, cognitive science, psychology, learning, implicit learning, recollection, memory, knowledge acquisition, philosophy of mindhttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/07/31/excursus-20-on-communication-across-paradigms/Hossein Jorjanien2026-07-31T09:11:15+00:00Excursus 020 – On Communication across Paradigmsepistemology, hermeneutics, philosophy of science, Thomas Kuhn, scientific revolutions, paradigms, communication, conceptual frameworks, scientific change, translationhttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/07/31/excursus-19-on-intellectual-inheritance-conceptual-anagenesis-and-the-three-generation-heuristic/Hossein Jorjanien2026-07-31T09:08:03+00:00Excursus 019 – On Intellectual Inheritance, Conceptual Anagenesis, and the Three-Generation Heuristicepistemology, methodology, conceptual evolution, scientific progress, intellectual inheritance, history of ideas, anagenesis, conceptual change, innovation, traditionshttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/07/31/excursus-18-on-epistemology-and-cognitive-science/Hossein Jorjanien2026-07-31T09:05:03+00:00Excursus 018 – On Epistemology and Cognitive Sciencescientific method, epistemology, philosophy of science, cognitive science, knowledge, cognition, psychology, learning, reasoning, perceptionhttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/07/31/excursus-17-on-intellectual-autonomy-and-heteronomy/Hossein Jorjanien2026-07-31T09:02:00+00:00Excursus 017 – On Intellectual Autonomy and HeteronomyFrancis Bacon, epistemology, authority, intellectual autonomy, heteronomy, critical thinking, independent judgment, inquiry, education, philosophyhttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/07/31/excursus-16-on-the-progression-of-science/Hossein Jorjanien2026-07-31T08:51:35+00:00Excursus 016 – On the Progression of Scienceinduction, Francis Bacon, scientific method, hypothesis, Charles Darwin, Thomas Kuhn, scientific progress, technology, scientific revolutions, instrumentationhttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/07/31/excursus-15-on-mathematical-analysis-and-in-silico-experiments/Hossein Jorjanien2026-07-31T08:49:29+00:00Excursus 015 – On Mathematical Analysis and in silico ExperimentsFrancis Bacon, scientific method, philosophy of science, in silico simulation, mathematical modelling, computational science, observation, experiment, systems biology, cosmologyhttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/07/31/excursus-14-on-dualism/Hossein Jorjanien2026-07-31T08:11:48+00:00Excursus 014 – On DualismAristotle, Francis Bacon, dialectic, Plato, ontology, metaphysics, natural philosophy, dualism, continuity, contrarieshttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/07/31/excursus-13-on-the-typology-of-theoretical-structure-simplicus-vs-compositum/Hossein Jorjanien2026-07-31T08:09:32+00:00Excursus 013 – On the Typology of Theoretical Structure: Simplicus vs. Compositummethodology, philosophy of science, explanation, classification, theoretical structure, complexity, simplicity, theory, systems, conceptual analysishttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/07/31/excursus-12-on-transmutability/Hossein Jorjanien2026-07-31T08:02:12+00:00Excursus 012 – On Transmutabilityhistory of science, species, biology, essentialism, evolution, transmutability, Charles Darwin, alchemy, transformation, natural philosophyhttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/07/31/excursus-11-on-the-concept-of-species/Hossein Jorjanien2026-07-31T07:58:58+00:00Excursus 011 – On the Concept of SpeciesAristotle, Francis Bacon, species, Linnaeus, classification, biology, taxonomy, natural history, essentialism, evolutionhttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/07/31/excursus-10-on-induction-one-word-several-meanings/Hossein Jorjanien2026-07-31T07:56:10+00:00Excursus 010 – On Induction: One Word, Several Meaningsinduction, Aristotle, Francis Bacon, scientific method, epistemology, scholasticism, epagōgē, inductio vera, inductio vulgaris, conceptual evolutionhttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/07/31/excursus-9-on-induction-deduction-and-the-syllogistic-structure-of-aristotle/Hossein Jorjanien2026-07-31T07:51:58+00:00Excursus 009 – On Induction, Deduction, and the Syllogistic Structure of Aristotleinduction, syllogism, Aristotle, scientific method, first principles, Posterior Analytics, demonstration, epistemology, logic, deductionhttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/07/31/excursus-8-on-the-scientific-and-philosophical-senses-of-truth/Hossein Jorjanien2026-07-31T07:44:57+00:00Excursus 008 – On the Scientific and Philosophical Senses of “Truth”induction, Francis Bacon, scientific method, epistemology, philosophy of science, truth, correspondence theory, veracity, metaphysics, veritashttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/07/31/excursus-7-on-the-term-notion-notio-in-bacon-and-aristotle/Hossein Jorjanien2026-07-31T07:42:23+00:00Excursus 007 – On the Term “Notion” (Notio) in Bacon and Aristotleinduction, Aristotle, Francis Bacon, epistemology, history of philosophy, notion, concepts, common notions, notio, mental representationhttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/07/31/excursus-6-on-hypothetico-deductive-models/Hossein Jorjanien2026-07-31T07:39:50+00:00Excursus 006 – On Hypothetico-Deductive Modelsinduction, scientific method, deduction, Karl Popper, hypothetico-deductive model, philosophy of science, Modus Tollens, hypothesis, falsification, Hempelhttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/07/31/excursus-5-on-hypothetico-deductive-model/Hossein Jorjanien2026-07-31T07:36:32+00:00Excursus 005 – On Hypothetico-Deductive Modelinduction, scientific method, deduction, Karl Popper, hypothetico-deductive model, philosophy of science, Modus Tollens, hypothesis, testing, explanationhttps://hosseinjorjani.com/2026/07/31/excursus-4-on-bacons-use-of-the-term-dialectic/Hossein Jorjanien2026-07-31T07:33:55+00:00Excursus 004 – On Bacon’s Use of the Term Dialecticsyllogism, Aristotle, Novum Organum, Francis Bacon, dialectic, history of philosophy, hermeneutics, scholasticism, logic, terminology